LSD (for Chemistry Class) :: essays papers

LSD (for Chemistry Class) Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) LSD), a potent hallucinogenic drug, also called a psychedelic, first synthesized from lysergic acid in Switzerland in l038. Lysergic acid is a white odorless drug, a component of the mold of ERGOT. Ergot is a product of the fungus Claviceps purpurea. Th e bio-active ingredients of ergot are all derivatives of lysergic acid. LSD is a semi-synthetic derivative of lysergic acid. Thus LSD is an "ergot" - like substance. The drug evokes dreamlike changes in mood and thought and alters the perception of time and space. It can also create a feeling of lack of self-control and extreme terror. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) also goes by names like: acid, sugar, Blotter, Sugar Cubes, Blue Unicorn, Acid, Cid, Sid, Bart Simpsons, Barrels, Tabs, Blotter, Heaven ly blue, 'L', liquid liquid, Microdots, Mind detergent, Orange cubes, Orange micro, Owsley, Wedding Bells, windowpane, etc. LSD is very potent: the effective dose is measured in micrograms (ug) -- however, the lethal dose is literally thousands of times that, making the drug essentially non-toxic. LSD is non-addictive, and there have been only a few cases of possible overdose where people ingested extremely large amounts of the drug (Alan et al., 1978; Griggs et al,. 1977). LSD can be administered a number of ways, the most common : orally though paper, sugar cubes, on a piece of gelatin, or by pill ; intravenously or intramu scularly. A standard dose with noticeable hallucinogenic effects is about 100-200 ug. The intensity of the trip is proportional to the size of the dose-- it is interesting to note, though, that the duration of the trip seems to stay the same at higher dos es (Freedman, 1984). Physical effects include drowsiness, dizziness, dilated pupils, numbness and tingling, weakness, tremors, and nausea. Transient abnormal thinking induced by LSD, such as a sense of omnipotence or a state of acute paranoia, can result in dangerous behavior. Long-term adverse reactions such as persistent psychosis, prolonged depression, or faulty judgment have also been reported following LSD ingestion but whether these are a direct result of ingestion is difficult to establish. Althoug h LSD is not physiologically addicting, the drug's potent mind-altering effects can lead to chronic use. In the 1960's LSD use was widespread among people who sought to alter and intensify their physical senses; to achieve supposed insights into the unive rse, nature, and themselves; and to intensify emotional connections with others. The drug has been tried as a treatment for infantile autism, for alcoholism, and to accelerate psychotherapy, but no medical use has been established.

Cell Cycle Essay

cell growth, normal functions What occurs in G1 in the cell cycle? Cell cycle What is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide? G1 What is the longest stage of the cell cycle called? interphase During what stage does the G1,S,and G2 phases happen? Mitosis During what phase of the cell cycle does mitosis and cytokinesis occur? Mitosis During what phase of the cell cycle does cell division occur? S (synthesis) During what phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated? G1 During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow? G2 During what phase of the cell cycle does the cell prepare for mitosis? 4 How many stages are there in mitosis? Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Put the following stages of mitosis in order: anaphase, prophase, metaphase, and telophase G1, S, G2, M Put the following stages of the cell cycle in order: G2, S, G1, M Cell grows, DNA replication, cell prepares for mitosis, cell division Put the following actions in order: DNA replication, cell grows, cell division, cell prepares for mitosis. For efficiency, the process would take too long if it was bigger Explain why cells don’t just continue to grow larger as organisms grow larger. Why do cell divide? (Write in complete sentences) DNA replication What occurs in S phase of the cell cycle? cell prepares for mitosis What occurs in G2 phase of the cell cycle? cell division What occurs in M phase of the cell cycle? nuclear membrane disapears, spindle fibers form chromosomes condense What occurs in prophase phase of the cell cycle? chromosomes line up at equater What occurs in metaphase phase of the cell cycle? sister chromatids pull apart What occurs in anaphase phase of the cell cycle? chromosomes have separated/ ribosomes begin to form What occurs in telophase phase of the cell cycle? Interphase- G, S, G2 normal cell growth/prep for division Missing from this are Interphase and Cytokinesis. What are they, and when do they occur? (Interphase) physical splitting of the cell Missing from this are Interphase and Cytokinesis. What are they, and when do they occur? (Cytokinesis) D Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): cells at end of mitosis H Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): cells at end of meiosis D Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): liver cell H Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): sperm H Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): egg D Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): skin cell H Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): gamete D Identify whether they are haploid (H) or diploid (D): somatic (body) cell 1 copy of every cell What is a haploid? 2 copies of every cell What is a diploid? 46, 23 Human cells: diploid # ____ haploid #_____ 1. crossing over/ mixing DNA from parents 2. produce gamets Explain how meiosis increases genetic diversity in 2 different ways: 2 # cells produced in Mitosis 4 # cells produced in Meiosis replace cells+get bigger Reasons for occurrence in Mitosis making gametes for sexual reproduction Reasons for occurrence in Meiosis 1 # of divisions in Mitosis 2 # of divisions in Meiosis no Includes crossing over (Y/ N) Mitosis yes Includes crossing over (Y/ N) Meiosis somatic Kind of cells using it (Mitosis) gamets Kind of cells using it (Meiosis)

Supply Chain Management Logistics Insights A Reflection

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